秦汉九卿源流及其性质问题

“九卿”一词的出现晚于“三公” ,约在战国后期 ,其影响也不如三公说大 ,对战国政治制度没有影响。秦代没有“九卿”的提法 ,其出现在汉代官制中约是文、景时期。西汉的九卿并不是九个卿而是列卿的泛称 ,但王莽时至东汉 ,又按照儒家学说将九卿变为九个卿 ,形式上分属三公。东汉的九卿是专称而非泛指 ,秩次为中二千石。秦汉九卿经历了一个由理论向实践转化的过程。

The Origins And Their Natures Of Nine Chamberlains During Qin And Han Dynasties

The terminology "Nine Chamberlains" first showed itself in about the latter part of the Warring States,later than that of "Three Dukes' of which influence was greater than that of "Nine Chamberlains"which had little actual influence on the political system of the time.In Qin Dynasty there was no wording like "Nine Chamberlains" and its real appearance in the official system of Han dynasty was in the time of Wen and Jing emperors."Nine Chamb3erlains" of the Western Han Dynasty were not really nine Chamberlains but Chamberlains in general.But when it came to from Emperor Wang Mang's time to Eatern Han Dynasty "Nine Chamberlains" were made into nine chamberlains which belonged to three ranks of Dukes according to the thoughts of Confucian school.The nine chamberlains of Eastern Han Dynasty were specified other than generalized,middle rank officials whose salary were 2000 dan grain a year.The "Nine Chamberlains" of Qin Han Dynasties had gone through the process from theory to practice.