农业产业化经营中的问题与制度创新

农业产业化经营中存在着签约双方地位的非对等性、契约本身的非完善性以及契约执行过程中的败德问题.将合作制引入农业产业化经营,能够对分散农户的机会主义行为进行监督和约束,并有效降低市场风险和技术风险,增加农户在产业化经营中的收益.但同时,合作制的制度缺陷促使一种新的制度安排,即集合作制与股份制特征于一身的股份合作制的引入,它不仅有效降低了交易成本,而且促使公司和农户增加资产专用性投资,稳定契约,减少农业产业化经营中的逆向选择和道德风险.股份合作制的制度创新在于通过股份制的利益机制联结农民,通过合作机制改变农民的弱势地位,重塑龙头企业与农户的关系,进一步推进农业产业化进程.

The Problems and Institutional Innovation in the Management of Agricultural Industrialization

The management of agricultural industrialization is an effective approach to modernized agriculture. Based on this theory, the paper analyzes a series of problems in the management of agricultural industrialization, including the status inequality between leading enterprises and farmers, imperfect contracts and moral hazard involved in the process.Although it is rational for leading enterprises and farmers to join the agricultural industrialization, the benefits obtained are different. In general, leading enterprises that possess more human resources, capitals, information and technologies can decide the price and quantity of products, whereas usually farmers' benefits cannot be ensured, especially when farm products are surplus. Leading enterprises and farmers used to be the organizational structure in the management of agricultural industrialization, which possesses some problems, such as the main problem of high organizational cost because of the farmers' decentralization in China. In order to save transaction cost, a new institutional arrangement is applied. The cooperative system that is introduced into the agricultural industrialization can supervise and confine the opportunist behavior of the scattered farmers, reduce the market risk and the technology risk, and increase the farmer's income. In this way the former organizational structure has changed, which results in a new kind of the organizational structure called leading enterprise plus cooperative system plus farmers. But the traditional rules of cooperative system cannot meet the actual needs of development. For instance, it is difficult to attract joint capital and human resources to enter this organization. Meanwhile farmers do not possess ownership and control power and their income is limited, which can be proved by some related cases in rural areas in Zhejiang Province. Based on the analyses, the defect of the cooperative system leads to the institutional arrangement of a new kind named the shareholding cooperative system (SCS) in the agricultural industrialization. It emerged in rural areas in China in the mid-1980s. The SCS, an institutional innovation in China, combines cooperative system with shareholding system. In the management of agricultural industrialization, it can cut down transaction cost, increase enterprises and farmers' investment in assets specificity and stabilize contracts and reduce adverse selection and moral hazard. Some experiences from abroad support these views.The institutional innovation of SCS brings the scattered farmers together by the shareholding system, changes the lower status of the farmers by the cooperative system, establishes a new relationship between enterprises and farmers, and accelerate the possess of the management of agricultural industrialization. Meanwhile, the field of agricultural industrialization will become the suitable area for the shareholding cooperative system. In a word, the development of the shareholding cooperative system and the acceleration of the agricultural industrialization have mutual influence and they will push each other.