太空安全治理的五个倡议刍议

国际社会为太空安全问题提出了五个治理倡议,即中俄提出的禁止太空武器化条约草案(PPWT)、欧盟提出的太空行为准则(CoC)、美国提出的国际太空准则(ICoC)、联合国外空委科技小组委员会提出的太空可持续利用倡议(LTSSA)、联合国专家小组提出的太空透明与信任建设机制(TCBMs).五个倡议在诸多方面存在差异.中俄倡议是硬法倡议,其他四个是软法倡议;中俄倡议提交裁军大会,联合国两个倡议利用联合国讲坛,欧盟和美国的倡议主要采取双边、多边会谈方式.主要太空行为体对这些倡议的认知与立场存在差异,美国反对硬法,赞同不限制其发展太空发展的软法;中俄主张硬法;欧盟赞同软法,原则上不反对有核查机制的硬法.达成国际太空治理的共识之路任重道远.

On Five Competitive Initiatives for Space Security Governance

The issues of space security are more and more serious, and thus its governance is urgent. In order to achieve the goals of space security, international community proposed five competitive initiatives(which are PPWT by China and Russia, and CoC by EU, and ICoC by USA, and LTSSA by Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, COPUOS, and TCBMs in space by GGE). There is the common point of dealing with space security issues, but there are some major divergences in these initiatives. USA opposed the hard laws, but approved of soft laws, which does not restrict its space developments. China and Russia maintained hard laws, and needed the soft laws to replenish them. The EU agreed to soft laws, but was not opposed to hard laws with verification mechanism. Major space actors have different cognitions and positions on these initiatives. There is still a long way to reach the commons on space security governance.