侵权责任减责免责事由的制度创新与立法完善

减责免责事由是侵权责任归结的重要依据,中国《侵权责任法》对此具有较大的制度创新,体现了公平与正义的立法理念,但是无论在制度层面还是操作层面仍然存在不足。必须立足于中国司法实践并借鉴国外先进立法经验,将减责免责事由纳入侵权责任构成中,增加原则性规定,明晰模糊规定,健全具体类型,加强制度衔接,以真正实现救济受害人权利和维护行为人自由的利益平衡。

The System Innovation and Legislative Perfection of Reasons on Relieving or Exempting from Tort Liability

Reasons of relieving and exempting liability is the important basis of confirming tort liability and the Tort Liability Law in China has system innovation in these reasons,which reflectes the legislative idea of fairness and justice,but whether on system level or on operational aspect,deficiencies still exist.Therefore,we must be based on China’s judicial practice and learn from foreign advanced experience in legislation,put reasons of relieving and exempting liabity into the constitution of tort liability,add principled rules,make vague rules clear,perfect concrete types,strengthen system combination,and at last realize the interest balance between remedies of victims’rights and maintenance of actors’ freedom on behavior.