自治与绅治——以清末宁波地区的乡约为中心

成文乡约兴起于宋代蓝田，本为民间教化组织。清末宁波地区乡约的大规模兴办源于当地官员出于维护治安和筹办地方自治的需要以及当地绅士的积极配合。宁波地区的乡约在组织结构上具有分权制衡的特点，从职能上看近似于基层政权。乡约的举办使宁波地区绅士全面渗入到地方政治领域，为其进一步扩大影响打下了基础。

Autonomy and Gentry Governance as Exemplified in the Village Conventions of Ningbo at Late Qing Dynasty

The rural organization, originally a folk organization for cultivation rose from Lantian in Song Dynasty. The massive establishment of the rural organizations in Ningbo at the end of Qing Dynasty originated from the demand of local officials in maintaining law and preparing for local autonomy. The organizational structure of the rural organization in Ningbo presented the characteristics of the separation of powers and it structurally resembles the grassroots government. The practice of rural organizations made the gentries of Ningbo involve in the local political arena in an all-round way and lay a solid foundation for expanding their influence