刑法身份与身份犯之身份新论

刑法身份是指法律规定的,对定罪量刑具有影响的一定的个人要素或一定的单位附属条件.这里的"定罪"是指在确定对行为者适用刑法并追究其刑事责任或适用刑罚的前提下才予以考虑的确定具体罪名的司法活动或立法活动,有别于确定刑法适用范围、应当追究刑事责任的活动."量刑"指的是在定罪的前提下对行为者选择适用刑种和刑期,甚或包括免除刑罚的一种司法或立法活动.刑法身份具有法律事实特征、本质特征和刑法性特征,可以分为:自然人刑法身份与单位刑法身份,定罪刑法身份与量刑刑法身份,主体刑法身份与对象刑法身份,明文规定式刑法身份与暗含式刑法身份,积极刑法身份与消极刑法身份,自然刑法身份与法定刑法身份等.身份犯之身份,是指法律规定的行为者在行为时所具有的影响定罪量刑的个人要素或单位附属条件.其除具有刑法身份一般特征外,还具有犯罪主体依附性特征和时间性特征.

On the Problems of Accomplished and Attempted Bribe Taking

As to the criteria of accomplished and attempted bribe taking,there exist five views: the criterion of committed acts,the criterion of accepting acts or of bribe taking,the criterion of profit making acts,the alternative of taking bribes or grave actual loss,and money and profit making double criterion.On the analysis of the above five views,the author holds that whether or not the bribes have been received should be considered as the criterion of distinguishing the accomplished or attempted bribe taking.In the situation that the bribes taken are shoddy goods,the problem should be tackled according to the recognition of the error by bribe takers.Specifically,this can be classified into two cases.On condition that the shoddy goods is assessed by price department to have no value,the crime should be convicted to be attempted one while on condition that the shoddy goods is assessed to have lower price than the correspondent genuine goods the crime should be convicted to be accomplished bribe taking crime.