义务、自律与至善——康德伦理思想中的几个重要范畴分析

在康德看来,真正的道德行为不仅必须出于义务,而且也只能出于义务;只要是出于义务的行为,无论其效果如何,都必定是道德的行为。康德所谓的自律,提升了道德的主体性,但他又把自律变成了没有任何内容的空洞形式。康德把至善当作一种道德理想,当作一种在现实世界中难能而只有在彼岸世界才可能的圆满的善。但实际上,至善并不能解决道德与幸福的关系问题。

Duty, Autonomy and Perfect Good——Some Important Categories in Kant's Ethics

In Kant's opinion,a moral act is not only out of duty,but also only out of duty.If an act is out of duty,regardless of its effect,it is bound to be a moral act.Autonomy expressed by Kant promotes subjectivity of morality,but Kant also turned autonomy into an empty form with no content.Kant took perfect good as a moral ideal that is not in the real world but in a dreamland.In fact,this ideal cannot solve the problem of relations between happiness and morality.