道言悖反与审美超越——道家语言哲学及其美学意义新探

道与言的关系是道家语言哲学的核心问题。道家坚持道"自然无为"、"混成无形"。"道不可言",言不及道,二者之间是相离、相悖的关系。道家认为,要想超越道言悖反,一是要破除名言的人为性,使之成为自然的、"无心"的语言;二是要破除名言的区分性,使之成为混整性的、象化的语言。前者可称为"言无言",后者可称为"言象言"。"言无言"开拓出审美化的"天地之境","言象言"创造出审美化的"大道之象",这使得道家语言哲学,无论在内在精神还是在外在形式上,都表现出审美化的倾向,并对中国诗学、美学产生了深远的影响。

The Contradiction of Tao Speaking and Aesthetic Surmounting: A New Research on Taoist Philosophy of Language and Its Aesthetic Significance

Taoists think that Tao is the nature,inaction and immateriality,while language is the artificial materialistic difference.Therefore,Tao cannot be talked about and there are contradictions between Tao and language.There are two strategies to surmount these contradictions.The first is to explode the artificiality of the language,and to speak with natural and free language,namely to speak with dumbness.The second is to explode the difference of the language,and to speak with an mixed and complete image language,namely,to speak with image.Speaking with dumbness can exploit an aesthetic heaven and earth border,and speaking with image can create aesthetic image of the great Tao.And this causes the Taoist philosophy to have an aesthetic tendency and affects the Chinese poetics and aesthetics greatly.