春秋时代的“南冠”人格及影响

春秋时代,对于如何才能不朽,叔孙豹总结出了立德、立功、立言的观念,引起了后代士人的思考。相对于一些士人对不朽的追求,当时大多数士人更关注日常生活的威仪,士人言行举止既体现了礼乐修养,也预示着自己的命运。即使在战场上,士人依然讲究威仪道义等,射君子非礼成为当时战场上的一个独特景观。一些士人被俘以后,还能不卑不亢,威武不屈。后代士人每当被贬谪或称为囚徒,便吟咏起"三不朽"之外的"南冠"而自励。

The Personal Characters and Influence of Nan Guan in the Spring and Autumn Dynasty

In the Spring and Autumn Dynasty,as for how to be immortal,Shusun Bao summarized the idea of making one’s virtues,merits and promise,which resulted in many consideration of the later generations.Compared to some people’s pursuing to immortality,at that time,most of the scholars paid more attention to the ceremonies of the daily life.The behaviors of the gentlemen embodied their accomplishments of ceremonies and etiquettes,which predicted their own fates as well.Even in a battle field,the gentlemen were still particular about their ceremonies,morality and justice.It was not moral to shoot at a good man,which was an unique phenomenon in the battle field then.Some gentlemen weren’t obsequious to bigwigs even after being captured.Whenever the later gentlemen were degraded or expelled,or called as prisoners,they would chant the Nan Guan,besides the three immortalities,to encourage themselves.