是戏剧还是仪式——论戏剧与仪式的分界

如果以表演作为戏剧的本质特征,仪式与戏剧这两个概念就出现了交叉甚至重叠,仪式在某种程度上就是戏剧。对仪式与戏剧关系的把握不能建立在表演形式的相似性上,而应该建立在内容或功能的差异性上。区分仪式与戏剧内容或功能差异的是仪式与戏剧体现的情感,仪式与戏剧情感的差异是集体性情感与个体性情感的差异,而集体性情感与个体性情感的差异是仪式与艺术的差异,这样,以表演为特征的戏剧实际上就包括作为仪式的戏剧与作为艺术的戏剧。

Ceremony and Drama

In recent years, the relation between ceremony and drama has been paid close attention to both by anthropology and by drama studies. If performance is considered as the nature of drama, these two concepts of ceremony and drama feature overlapping or even repetition. In a sense, ceremony is drama. Therefore, the two concepts only account for the connection between them, not the difference. But it is the difference of contents or functions instead of the similarity of performance form that decides their relation. While emotion embodied in them makes the difference of their contents or functions, the difference of both emotions is that of collective emotion and individual emotion. And also the difference of collective emotion and individual emotion is that of ceremony and art. In a word, the drama characteristic of performance actually includes the drama as ceremony and the drama as art.