从社会学视角探析和谐城市的社会分层——以西安社会分层为例

社会分层是根据经济和社会地位差别的一定标准,把社会成员划分为高低有序的不同等级、不同层次的过程。社会分层的实质是反映社会成员之间的贫富差距状况。西安社会阶层目前已经分化为党政机关和社会管理阶层、经理人员阶层、私营企业主阶层、专业技术人员阶层、办事人员阶层、个体工商户阶层、商业服务员阶层、产业工人阶层、农业劳动者阶层、城市无业、失业、半失业阶层。上述十大社会阶层在全国大城市具有代表性。社会阶层不和谐的主要问题包括:农业劳动者阶层处于明显劣势;产业工人的地位迅速下降;非公有制经济的新社会阶层的地位迅速上升;贫富不均。西安对全国构建和谐社会阶层的启示包括:关键要真正落实市委市政府关于构建和谐社会的实施意见;市委和市政府尽快建立有效协调各阶层利益的经济、政治、文化机制;逐步缩小城乡差距,公民应享受同等国民待遇;就业和再就业应列为"一把手工程";设立"弱势阶层受损补偿准备金";大城市应构建"菱形社会结构",尽快扩大中等收入阶层的比重;大城市应多管齐下,缩小贫富差距;社会保障向弱势阶层倾斜;我们应在所有城市社区居委会和农村社区的村委会设立"民意接待室";新建"和谐社会指标考核体系"。

Social Estate in Harmonious Society From Sociological Perspective——Taking Xi''''an City as A Sample

Social estate,the process of classifying social members on the basis of economical and social positions,essentially reflects rich-poor gap among social members.The present ten social estates in Xi'an city are as follows: administrators,managers,private entrepreneurs,professional personnel,clerks,selfemployed labourers,shop-assistants,industrial workers,agricultural workers and the unemployed.Social estates are disharmonious in the following respects: the inferior position of agricultural workers;decline of industrial workers' position;promotion of the position of new social rank from non-government owned economy as well as rich-poor imbalance.Xi'an enlightens the whole country in constructing harmonious society on the following aspects: policy of the municipal Party committee and the municipal government on harmonious society construction has to be implemented in earnest;equality of citizens in economical,political,and cultural fields has to be systematized through the efforts of the municipal Party committee and government;employment and re-employment should be stressed by people holding primary responsibility;fund for the weak in society should be established;middle class should be increased and rich-poor gap should be decreased in big cities;social insurance system should favor the weak;offices for the public opinion poll and system to assess the target of harmonious society should be established in communities in both urban and rural areas.