约束条件、产权结构与环境资源优化配置

不同的产权结构具有不同的功能,而产权结构的绩效是与现实约束条件密切相关的.因此,考察、研究、分析和找寻决定环境资源特定产权结构的那些极端重要的约束条件,并判断在这些约束条件下环境资源的最优产权结构及其变动趋势,是实现环境资源优化配置的关键.决定产权结构的选择,不仅有成本约束,更重要的是有收益约束,即如果不明晰产权,将导致经济损失.由于产权的初始界定常常是不清晰、不完善的,从而导致了目前环境资源市场配置中的市场失灵.但产权交易是产权逐渐明晰、产权结构渐进优化的最好方式.因此,解决环境资源配置中的市场失灵问题的有效办法,是通过市场机制的运行使环境资源市场逐渐完善.

Restricting Conditions, Property Right Structure and Efficient Allocation of Environmental Resources

For long time, many people have deemed environmental resources as inexhaustible public property, but the concept is applicable only when the utilization of them does not exceed their renewing capacity. With the growth of population and economic development, environmental resources have become more scarce, leading to an urgent need for their efficient allocation. But how to achieve efficient allocation of environmental resource, there have been two different standpoints. One calls for state intervention; the other market transfer. However, be it state intervention or market transfer, the primary issue to be settled is how to define the property rights of environmental resources. Different property right structures have different functions, and the result of the property right structure is closely related to their actual restricting conditions. The property rights construction of the realistic world is numerous, and can't be in simply categorized as privately owned and public owned. The correct delineation of structure of a certain property right must be closely linked to the various restricting conditions on which it bases its survival. Under the current diversified social system environment and resources ownership, people have different goals for economic relationship and operations, hence different demands for property rights structure. Therefore, the key issue of efficient allocation of environmental resources lies in the investigation, research and analysis, and search for those extreme important stipulation terms that decide the particular property right structure of environment resource, and determination of the superior property right structure of the environment resources and its trend for development under those restrictions. Determination of property right structure does not only lie in cost stipulation, but more importantly, benefit stipulation, namely, what economic losses would unclear property rights result in. The scholars who Emphasize state intervention only pay attention to the high expenses of differentiating the environmental resource's property rights and solution of current high cost through market mechanism, but fail to realize the benefits from such differentiation, namely what economic losses would unclear property rights bring about. Along with the worsening scarcity of environmental resources, the benefits of a clear determination of the environmental resource's property right will continuously increase. As long as the benefits of differentiating environmental resource's property right outweigh its cost, even the cost is substantial, we still need to differentiate. Because unclear property right will inevitably lead to more economic loss.