地理变化对方言分布格局的影响——以江苏邳州方言为例

同言线表示语言(方言)现象的分布,是语言分区的重要依据之一。方言分布的格局往往受到自然地理和人文地理的影响。总体而言,一个方言地区主要的同言线通常会有一个大致相同的走向,形成同言线束。邳州是江苏省北部的一个县级市。以往的研究认为邳州方言可以分为邳南和邳北两片,即邳州方言的内部差异主要是南北差异。语言地理学的调查结果表明,情况并非完全如此。邳州境内20个语言条目的同言线可以分别汇合成四条同言线束,这些同言线束的走势有些与古老行政区划布局大体一致,有些与山川走向大体一致,反映出人文地理和自然地理对语言的影响。就邳州来说,历史上的行政区划对今天方言格局的影响更为显著。从共时的角度看,邳州方言现存的四条同言线束反映着现实语言的实际差异;从历时的角度看,四条同言线束却极可能是不同时间层次方言格局积淀的反映,有些层次相对较早,有些层次相对较晚。愈晚出现者则距离眼前的现实就会愈近,当地人感觉南北差异大于东西差异的原因就在于此。

The Influence of the Geographical Changes in the Distribution Pattern of the Dialect——A Case Study of Pizhou Dialect

The isogloss,which expresses the distribution of language(dialect) phenomenon,is one of the important criteria for language division.The distribution pattern of dialects is often influenced by nature geography and human geography.Generally speaking,the isogloss of one dialect area usually remains roughly the same line to form a bundle of the isogloss.The previous studies of Pizhou,a county-level city in the north of Jiangsu,indicate that the local dialect can be divided into south and north divisions,that is to say,the internal differences of Pizhou dialect is mainly between north and south.But the survey of the linguistic geography shows quite different results.The isogloss of the domestic 20 language items can be formed respectively into four bundles of isogloss.Some are broadly in line with the ancient administrative divisions,others are with the directions of mountains and rivers.This just reflects the influence the natural geography and human geography made in language.As for Pizhou dialect,the influence of ancient administrative division is more remarkable to present language distribution.From the synchronic perspective,the four existing isogloss bundles illustrate the physical variance of real language while from the diachronic side,may possibly be the dialect pattern accumulation of different time early or late.The later the time is,the closer it is bound to reality.That is why the locals feel north-south difference is greater than that of east-west.