生态伦理视阈中野生动物保护优先的三个维度

在野生动物保护优先的理论维度,人与野生动物存在着不可中断、不可逆转、不可割裂的三种善的逻辑:一是生命进化的连续性,二是本质塑造的交互性,三是价值创造的自然性。这三种善的逻辑蕴含了人与野生动物之间既是生命共同体又是发展共同体、价值共同体的“道”和“义”。野生动物保护优先是遵循人与野生动物在自然界中的天然关系和善的逻辑、回应生态危机背景下价值观变化的时代选择。在野生动物保护优先的历史维度,近现代野生动物保护经过两个阶段的发展从而实现了三个转变:野生动物的食用从合法转变为非法、从道德转变为不道德;动物保护的重点由家养转变为野生、由野生动物的个体转变为物种及其生态环境;野生动物保护的价值观由人类中心主义转变为“弱人类中心主义”“非人类中心主义”。这种转变为野生动物保护优先奠定了历史前提。在野生动物保护优先的实践维度,以现代科学技术为先导的经济社会发展使人类拥有了可以摧毁地球和地球生命的能力,“能而不想”是生态文明最基本的心性要求。由此野生动物保护优先首先要维护野生动物的生命之善,其次必须加紧扭转野生动物生境持续恶化的局面,再次必须加快改变野生动物深陷人类“围城”的状况,最后必须抓住禁食限用、保护优先拐点到来的契机,将野生动物保护优先融入人与自然和谐共生的发展战略,贯彻于绿色转型、生态文明建设的实践,尽快建构政府主导的多主体、分类分级分区保护体系,防止把野生动物与畜养动物混为一谈,防止“法不容情”和“道德泛滥”。同时,聚焦“以人民为中心”的富强、民主、文明、和谐、美丽等中国特色社会主义生态价值理念的塑造,加快生态伦理的本土化、体系化建设,从生产生活出发进一步探讨和制定野生动物保护优先的伦理指南,突出人道与自然之道、野生动物之道辩证统一的价值评价,防止把生态伦理、野生动物保护符号化。

Three Dimensions of Wildlife Protection Priority from Perspective of Ecological Ethics

In the theoretical dimension of wildlife protection priority,there are three kinds of logic of goodness that can not be interrupted,reversed and separated:the continuity of life evolution,the reciprocity of nature shaping,and the naturalness of value creation.These three kinds of logic of goodness contain the“Tao”and“righteousness”,which means that human and wildlife are not only the community of life,but also the community of development and value.The wildlife protection priority is to follow the logic of goodness in the natural relationship between human and wildlife and to respond to the change of values under the background of ecological crisis.In the historical dimension of wildlife protection priority,modern wildlife protection has achieved three changes after two stages of development:the consumption of wildlife has changed from legal to illegal,from moral to immoral;the focus of animal protection has changed from domestic to wild,from individual to species and their ecological environment;the values of wildlife protection have changed from anthropocentrism to“weak anthropocentrism”and“non?anthropocentrism”.Those changes have laid a historical premise for the priority of wildlife protection.In the practice dimension of wildlife protection priority,the economic and social development led by modern science and technology enables human beings to have the ability to destroy the earth and life on it.“Can but not want”is the most basic requirement of ecological civilization.Therefore,the priority of wildlife protection is first to maintain the goodness of life of the wild animal,then to speed up efforts to reverse the continuous deterioration of wildlife habitats,next to speed up the change of the condition that wild animals are trapped in the“siege”of human beings,finally to seize the opportunity of the turning point of wildlife protection,and to integrate wildlife protection into the development of harmonious coexistence of man and nature.The wildlife protection priority strategy should be carried out in the practice of green transformation and ecological civilization construction,and a multi?agent,classified and partitioned protection system dominated by the government should be constructed as soon as possible to prevent the confusion of wild animals and livestock animals,and to prevent the“boundless law”or“moral overflow”.Meanwhile,we should focus on forming the concept of ecological values of socialism with Chinese characteristics,such as“people?centered”prosperity,democracy,civilization,harmony and beauty,speed up the localization and systematization of ecological ethics,further explore and formulate ethical guidelines for wildlife protection priority from the perspective of production and life,highlight the evaluation of the dialectical unity of humanity,nature and wildlife and prevent merely symbolizing ecological ethics and wildlife protection.