南京山岳风景与城市关系历史研究—— 以栖霞山、钟山、石头城为例

南京作为著名的六朝古都,有着悠久的城市和风景名胜建设历史。相关文献记录从唐朝刘禹锡《金陵五题》到清末徐上添《金陵四十八景》翔实丰富。其中,山岳风景在南京风景名胜的构成中占据举足轻重的地位,在四十八景中与山岳风景相关的景点多达二十九处,且有明显随着城市建设和时代发展数量增加的趋势。为进一步研究南京风景和城市建设历史的关系,本研究以栖霞山、钟山、石头城的历史文献为基础,梳理了南京民国之前山岳景区的发展脉络及其与城市建设历史的动态关系。首先,南京山岳景区有相对一致的开发序列,大致是三国前的地域性崇拜、南朝的佛教建设、宋代的岩泉景点开发和明清的人文传说;其次,山岳景区距城市中心距离不同,则山岳景区开发初期的定位受城市建设影响程度和人文景点建设时序也会不同;再次,山岳景区同时受上述二者影响,最终根据与城市中心的距离,倾向于发展为城内名城历史怀古、近郊王陵、远郊山水佛寺的三种类型。最后,通过与中国名山风景区基本发展过程对比,发现南京山岳风景区在遵循风景发展一般规律的基础上,又受南京城市的历史影响。在六朝时期,佛道繁荣,南京提前进入山岳风景发展的佛道建设阶段。而自六朝后,南京山岳风景始终处于相对落后阶段,这与城市发展和建设历史密切相关。上述规律对于整体把握南京风景格局和补充中国风景发展规律性认知都有一定意义。

A Historical Study of the Relationship Between Mountain Scenery and City Development in Nanjing:A Case Study of Qixiashan Mountain,Zhongshan Mountain and Shitoucheng

As a famous ancient capital of the six dynasties,Nanjing has a long history of city and scenery development,about which there were relevant literature records from Tang Dynasty to late Qing Dynasty.Mountain scenery,as many as 29 in the total 48 scenic spots in Zhongshan scenery area,plays a leading role in the scenery of Nanjing.There is also a clear trend of increasing amount of mountain scenic spots with the development of the city.The study aims to reveal the chronological and geological relationship between scenery and urban development in Nanjing.Three typical cases are Qixia Mountain,Zhongshan Mountain,and Shitoucheng.Firstly,Mountain scenery has a consistent development sequence,which emerged before the Three Kingdoms Period as regional worship,then as Buddhism site in the Southern Dynasties.Afterwards it appeared as a concentration of rock and spring in the Song Dynasty and developed relations with literature and legends in the Ming and the Qing Dynasties.Secondly,based on the variation in distances between mountains and cities,there are variations in the initial functions,in urban development influences and in the categories of cultural attractions with mountain sceneries.Thirdly,the mountain scenery spots around Nanjing tend to develop into three types:places of interest inside the city,imperial tombs in suburb,and Buddhist temples in the outskirt.Finally,through the comparison with common development process of famous mountain scenery spots in China,it was found that the Nanjing mountain scenic area is greatly affected by the history of Nanjing city besides the common development rule.During the Six Dynasties,the Buddhism prospered,and Nanjing scenic areas also entered the stage of Buddhism development.Afterwards,Nanjing mountain scenery was in a relatively backward stage compared with other scenic areas in China,which was closely related with the city development.The research of the rule is of significance for the overall landscape pattern design in Nanjing and for the development rule recognition of Chinese scenery.