语言濒危的原因及其复兴运动的方向——以琉球语为例

语言复兴运动(language revitalization)是一种在族群集团意识觉醒背景下开展的以复活、扩大少数人使用的语言为目标的语言实践运动。由于日本政府推行皇民化教育和禁止使用琉球语、实行佩挂“方言牌”的惩罚制度、强制推广标准日语以及美军异化统治政策等多重因素的影响,在王国时期曾广为使用的琉球语(冲绳语)现已面临濒危处境。琉球语的语言复兴运动分为最初岛人的反抗和学者的呼吁、中期岛人文化意识和语言意识的觉醒与复苏、至20世纪90年代复兴运动全面展开几个阶段。琉球语的复兴运动及琉球语能否得到继承,很大程度上将取决于冲绳人对于冲绳县和日本国之间关系的认同。

The Cause of Endangered Language and the Tendency of Its Revival

Language revitalization is a movement which is the revival of language use under the awareness of certain racial group.Okinawa language which was once widely used in Royal period is now endangered because the Japanese government practices the policy of pushing royalized education and forbidding the use of Okinawa language and punishing the use of dialect,generalizing the standard Japanese language as well as the influence of the American army dissimilating governing policy.The Okinawa language revival movement experiences the steps starting from the rebellion of the Islanders,the appeals of the scholars,the awareness of the culture by the Midland people and the disenchantment and anbiosis of language till 90's in the 20th century.Okinawa language revival depends on the identification of the Okinawa people with Japan.