发展主义政治体制的终结——以韩国及台湾地区为中心

第二次世界大战结束后,韩国和台湾地区都经历了独裁性政权主导下的以经济增长极大化为目标的经济高速发展阶段。尽管在推动经济发展的主体和具体发展方式上有所不同,但其共同的特征是经济的高速发展和工业化不仅推动着城市化的快速发展,也引发了产业结构和社会结构的巨大变化,城市、受过高等教育的人口、工业在经济和社会发展中的作用日益突出,社会中间阶层的地位和作用迅速扩大。多元的利益要求促使越来越多的利益团体通过参与政治的方式维护和发展自己的利益,加上大众媒介的迅速发展,政治多元化和民主化的呼声和要求日益强烈,而竞争式的选举方式使得政治反对派在此过程中一直发挥重要的作用。无论是发展政治主义体制和还是后来的政治民主化发展过程中,美国始终是不可忽视的外部影响因素。以卢泰愚的民主化宣言和蒋经国宣布开放"党禁"为标志,韩国和台湾地区进入政治民主化发展时期,而金大中当选韩国总统和陈水扁当选台湾地区最高领导人则标志着发展主义政治体制的寿终正寝,韩国和台湾地区进入了精英多元主义政治发展阶段。

End of Developmentism Political System in South Korea and Chinese Taiwan

Since the end of the World War Ⅱ,both South Korea and Taiwan experience a dictatorship-led high-speed economic development course whose aim is to strive for the maximum economic increase.Though the main body and practical way of them to advance economic development are different,their high-speed economic development not only boosts the fast urbanization process,but also ignites the great change of industrial and social structure.Cities,people who have received higher education and industry play an increasingly part in social and economic development.The position and role of intemediate class are quickly raised.More and more interest groups try to maintain and seek profit by participating politics.Besides,the voice and request for political pluralism and democratization are intensified day by day.Nevertheless,due to the competition election way,political opposition always plays an important role in the process.Either in the course of developmentism political system or in that of later political democratization the U.S.is not a negligible external factor.With Roh Tae-Woo's democratization declaration and Jiang Jing-guo's announcement of opening restriction of the parties as a sign,South and Taiwan enter into a development process of political democratization.While that Kim Dae-Jung was elected as the president of South Korea and Chen Shuibian as the leader of Taiwan indicates the end of developmentism political system.Since then,they entered into a development process of elite pluralism politics.