论“善”:西田几多郎与摩尔之比较研究

“善”是伦理学的首要概念。西田几多郎关于“善”的研究颇具新意,从与摩尔的比较来看:善可否定义？西田认为善是纯粹经验状态下意志的发展完成,也是知情意合一、主客相融下的人格实现；摩尔认为善不可定义,否则就是犯了“自然主义谬误”。善何以认知？西田认为通过“知的直观”可以认识善,这一点和摩尔非常相似,因为摩尔主张通过直觉来认识善；不过在西田将直观贯彻到底的同时,摩尔却将善事物的认知付诸了经验。善如何实践？西田通过人格的内在统一将个体善与社会善结合起来,以达到“完整善行”；摩尔则通过对快乐主义的改造,通过强调行为产生的效果来处理现实伦理问题。两者的不同集中体现为,西田的理论是一种基于先验直觉的意志论伦理学,而摩尔则是一种带有经验论色彩的直觉论伦理学。两者的比较对“善”的理解有重要借鉴意义。

Comparison of Theory About Good Between Nishida Kitaro and G. E. Moore

Good is the most important idea of Ethics. The study about good of Nishida Kitaro is novel. Comparison of theory about good between Nishida Kitaro and G. E. Moore involves three aspects. Can good be defined Nishida Kitaro believes that good is the unity of knowledge,emotion and will,and also is the realization of personality. Moore believes that good can not be defined,otherwise,this will cause a Naturalistic Fallacy. Can good be recognized They all think that intuition can be used to recognize the good,but Nishida Kitaro only emphasizes purity of intuition,at the same time,Moore puts the knowledge of good things into experience. Can good things come true Nishida Kitaro believes that individuals and groups can achieve a harmonious situation. Moore emphasizes the reform of hedonism is a good way to deal with practical ethical problems. In sum,the theory of Nishida Kitaro is a kind of voluntarist ethics with priori overtones,and Moore''s ethics is a kind of intuitionism with empirical color. The comparison between Nishida Kitaro and G. E. Moore is significant to understand idea of good.