科学证据采信的基本原理

科学证据的采信方法,是一种经验化的科学实验方法。这种方法首先具有科学属性,需要遵循科学实验研究的特定法则,这具有一般性和公理性;其次具有法律属性,需要按照法律解纷的具体目标设置和模式,谨慎吸收科学实验研究中那些能有效解决讼争中专业问题的成果,这具有特殊性和语境性。这种采信方法的外化,在法官采信科学证据的问题结构中分解为知识问题与法律问题。前者产生于科学知识的证据法运用。根据科学证据生成的知识层次性,知识问题分知识分界、知识确证、知识误用、知识复核四个部分。在法律层面上解决上述知识问题,基本原理是用事后可检验的科学方法标准规范科学证据的生成,用懂得这些方法标准的专家帮助法官评价科学证据的生成,前者是知识外显的科学客观标准,后者是知识内隐的专家主观标准。科学证据采信标准即是这种客观标准与主观标准的统一。在不同的科学领域中,能否寻找到这样的主、客观相统一的生成与评价标准,是科学证据采信疑难能否解决的核心问题。

The Principle of the Scientific Evidence Evaluation

The basic problem with the evaluation of scientific evidence is the suitable method applied to a case by judges,which means judges as laymen have to understand and assess the experts’ reports related to issues of a case.The work-out of this basic problem is the method mixed with the scientific knowledge and legal experience.So the problem of scientific evidence evaluation is divided in two parts named as the Knowledge Problem and the Legal Problem.The Knowledge Problem,according to the order of scientific evidence generation,consists of four parts,that is,the demarcation,the justification,the error analysis and the validation in detail.The Legal Problem,though it is the linguistic-environment product derived from the judicial system of one’s country,must comply with the basic principal of knowledge evaluation,whose purpose is to find the standard governing both the expert and the expert operation,named as the Subjective Standard and Objective Standard respectively.This is the key to the legal method of scientific evidence evaluation in the specific scientific field.