论中世纪前期欧洲的商业交往——兼对相关研究争论述评

罗马帝国的重农传统和对商业的轻视决定了中世纪早期欧洲商业的脆弱,但商业并没有完全消失,在一些地区商业还以其特有的韧性坚强而倔强地发展着。约自11世纪起,随着商业贸易特别是国际长途贸易的发展、十字军东征的进行和庄园内部缓慢的变化,欧洲出现了商业复兴,各地的商业交往更加密切,为后来西欧的商业扩张奠定了基础。对上述中的一些具体问题,如中世纪早期欧洲商业交往状况、欧洲商业复兴的原因等,学术界的看法不尽一致,有时甚至截然对立,因而,有必要对相关研究成果进行评述,以推动研究的深入展开。

On the Commercial Exchange of Europe in Early Middle Ages

The tradition of physiocracy and the neglect of commerce decided the fragility of commerce in early Middle Ages. But the commerce didn’t disappear completely and still developed defiantly in some regions. Perhaps from the 11th century, along with the development of commerce and trade, especially with the development of long-distance international trade, and along with the launching of crusade and the slowly inner-change of manors, the commerce in Europe began to revive and the commercial exchange became much more frequent than before. All of these gave rise to the subsequent expansion of Western Europe. Over such specif ic questions mentioned above as the state of the commercial exchange of the early Middle Ages in Europe, and the reasons for European commercial revival, the academic circles have different, even totally opposite opinions. Thus, we should review related research results in order to promote further research.