失孤·大屠杀·身份的碎片——论埃德薇奇·丹迪卡的小说《耕耘骨头》

《耕耘骨头》是海地裔美国作家埃德薇奇·丹迪卡的第二部长篇小说，是对1937年多米尼加共和国境内的海地人的文学书写。小说从大屠杀的幸存者女仆阿玛贝尔的角度叙述这一历史事件，让读者重返历史现场，关注大屠杀施加给幸存者、受害者及其亲友的灾难性影响，思考大屠杀带来的个人身份和民族身份问题，讨论对大屠杀进行文学再现的必要性。文章着眼于历史事件的后果，从人物身份与叙事视角出发，就“失孤”“大屠杀”与“身份”等问题进行细查，讨论作品对大屠杀进行文学书写的历史意义。幸存者拼缀破碎身份的努力既是为了求索自身存在的价值，也隐喻了对民族身份界定的公共思考的必要性；与自然灾害导致失孤后果相比，施暴者的刻意遮瞒掩盖使大屠杀导致的创伤更为深重，使受害者难以举证申讨,施暴者得不到应有的惩罚和谴责。在资本全球化的今天，这样的文学书写在警示后代和预防类似灾难重现方面有着积极的意义。

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Haitian American authoress Edwidge Danticat’s second novel The Farming of Bones re-presents the Massacre in 1937 which Dominican Republic launched at the Haitians working in Dominican Republic then. Narrated from the maid Amabelle, a survivor’s perspective, The Farming of Bones invites the readers back to the historical situation to consider the catastrophic effects of the massacre on the survivors, the victims and their families, and study the difficulties in reshaping the identity of the individuals and of the nation, and furthermore, realize the significance of re-presenting, artistically, the massacre. With an eye to the trauma resulting from the historical event, this paper examines issues such as orphanhood, massacre and identity, in order to study the aesthetic significance and historical importance. As a conclusion, this paper claims that the survivor’s arduous effort in re-forming its identity once destroyed by history is not only a quest for one’s value of existence, but a metaphor for a common reflection on a national identity. Compared with the orphanhood from a natural disaster, this paper finds that the trauma from the massacre remains more catastrophic and the massacre remains impossible to verify when the perpetrators deliberately cover up the truth. In reality, confronting the capital globalization, such literary writing of a massacre, just like all the literary writings of Holocaust, is necessary and plays an important role in warning the generations to come, esp. the successors of violence, and in preventing the repetition of such catastrophes.