拓跋宗师考述

拓跋宗师是北魏皇族在"私"的家族场域设立的最高管理者,它是西晋宗师与游牧氏族长老制融合的产物,堪称宗室领袖与楷模。拓跋宗师始设于道武帝天赐元年,此后一度废弃,孝文帝太和改制予以恢复。此职限额一人,终身任职,例由德高望重、地位尊显、才学出众的宗室元老担任。拓跋宗师通过"宗议"干预皇族事务,具有纠举非违、训教督导等职权,对维护皇族秩序、规范宗室言行起到了至关重要的作用。

Textual Study on the Shaikh of Tuoba Clan

The Shaikh of Tuoba clan was the supreme administer in the private royal families in the Northern Wei Dynasty,which was a product of combination of the founder in the Western Jin Dynasty with the clan presbyterian system,known as the leader and model of a clan.The founder of Tuoba clan was first named at the first year of Tianci,Emperor Daowu,afterward,was disused,was restored when Emperor Xiaowen came to power.This post was limited to only one person,a life-long position,usually a senior of a clan was put in charge who was highly respected and knowledgeable.He involved himself in intervening in the clan affairs,correcting wrong-doings,guiding and supervising,and playing an important role in maintaining the social order and in regulating the conducts.