唐碎叶与安西四镇百年研究述论

20世纪至今的百余年中，唐碎叶与安西四镇的相关问题曾引起学界不断争论，形成多方关注的一大热点和难点。考察、梳理百年研究史和考古发现可知，今吉尔吉斯斯坦托克马克西南八公里处的阿克?贝希姆遗址，当即唐安西四镇之一的碎叶城所在地。与此相关，所谓的“两碎叶”、“四碎叶”说则因解读史料粗疏、对当时政治军事状态缺乏深入了解以及忽略新出土文献等而不足取信。至于安西四镇的设置与废弃，大致有三置三弃、四置四弃、五置五弃、六置六弃等四种观点。争论的问题主要集中在四镇初置的时间、初置四镇中先有焉耆还是先有碎叶、调露元年是否收复四镇、垂拱中之“拔”四镇及其失载原因、安西四镇最后失陷的时间等六大方面。重新梳理文献记载，将能够认定的、大致可认定的与有争议的弃置年代分三个层面加以排比考辨，可以认定安西四镇之初置当为贞观二十二年，其间凡五置五弃；四镇中先有焉耆，后有碎叶，此两镇在调露元年、开元七年曾发生两度交替。

A Summary of Centenary Studies on Suyab of Tang Dynasty and the Four Garrisons of Anxi

By using literature analysis to study the historical materials and scholars in this field, combined with some relevant archaeological discoveries to support our views, this paper answers an important but controversial question in the literary and historical studies of Tang Dynasty. Since the 20th century, due to the significance of the research on Suyab of Tang Dynasty and the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi , and the relationship between Suyab and Li Bai, much controversy in the academic community of Suyab of Tang Dynasty and the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi has arisen. These pendent issues include the problems about the number of towns named Suyab, their locations, when the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi were established, when and how many times they were respectively established or abandoned, and which one of Yanqi and Suyab was established earlier, etc. The fact that the relevant documents are not clear enough and that the ancient scholars' understandings are different lead to the diverse views of contemporary scholars and the pendant problems. This paper makes a literature review of the last century, combined with the archaeological findings along the Suyab River from 1900s to 1980s, and concluded that today's Ak-Beshim site, 8km southwest from Tokmok in the Chui River valley of Kyrgyzstan, is the right site of Suyab, one of the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi in Tang Dynasty. Meanwhile, due to the lack of solid evidence, new historical materials, and adequate knowledge of the political and military circumstances of Tang Dynasty, the arguments for “Two Suyabs” or “Four Suyabs” in the last twenty years of 20th century and the first ten years of this century are untenable. At the same time, there are arguments about the establishment, abandonment, alternation and many other aspects of Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi, for example, they were abandoned or reestablished for three times, four times, five times and six times. After sorting out relevant documents, this paper has identified three periods of establishment and abandonment based on the degree of determination to present a comparatively clear picture of the relevant issues. Firstly, the identified periods are: abandoned in 670 A.D., reestablished in 679 A.D.; abandoned in A.D.685, and reestablished in A.D.692. Secondly, the roughly identified periods are respectively: reestablished in A.D.658, and abandoned in A.D.678. Thirdly, the first established time of Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi was in 648 A.D., and the first abandonment time was in 651 A.D. Moreover, there was a reestablishment effort at least in the late 675 A.D. The Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi were abandoned thoroughly after the rebellion of “An-Shi” (An Lushan and Shi Siming, two rebel generals in High Tang Dynasty). During the five establishments and abandonments, Suyab and Yanqi were replaced by each other twice: Firstly, there was Yanqi in the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi without Suyab, but was replaced by Suyab in 679 A.D.. Secondly, Suyab was in the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi for forty years from 692 A.D. to 719 A.D., but it was replaced by Yanqi in719 A.D. due to the request by Tang Jiahui, the military commander of the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of AnXi.