“同异”、“坚白”之争新解读

冯友兰先生认为 ,名家内部存在着以惠施为代表的“合同异”派、以公孙龙为代表的“离坚白”派。学术界普遍接受这一观点。本文则对此提出质疑 :1.与“合同异”对立的观点是“别同异” ,与“离坚白”对立的观点是“盈坚白” ,所谓“合同异”与“离坚白”的对立提法不妥 ;2 .惠施虽持“别同异”观点而与“合同异”的庄子展开过辩论 ,但是也受到庄子的影响 ,提出“天与地卑 ,山与渊平”等“合同异”命题。公孙龙持“离坚白”观点而与后期墨家的“盈坚白”对立 ,在“同异”问题上则既讲“别同异”也讲“合同异”。因此 ,名家内部不存在各以惠施、公孙龙为代表的“合”、“离”两派

Unscramble Afresh on the Debate Between "Similarity and Difference" and "Hardness and Whiteness

This paper challenges Feng Youlan's viewpoint that there exists within the School of Logicians an opposition between Hui Shi's "Unity of Similarity and Difference" and Gongsun Long's "Separateness of Hardness and Whiteness", which has gained widespread acceptance in academic circles. This paper rebuts that: (1) It is not proper to propose the opposition between the "Unity of Similarity and Difference" and "Separateness of Hardness and Whiteness" because, from the viewpoint of this paper, opposition to the "Unity of Similarity and Difference" is, in essence, "Separateness of Hardness and Whiteness", and opposition to "Separateness of Hardness and Whiteness" is the "Fullness of Hardness and Whiteness". (2) Though Hui Shi held the viewpoint of "Separateness of Similarity and Difference" and argued Zhuangzi's point of "Unity of Similarity and Difference", he, also influenced by Zhuangzi, stated his arguments such as "Heaven is as Low as Earth, and Mountains are as Even as the Abyss", etc., similar to the "Unity of Similarity and Difference". Gongsun Long, indeed, held the point of "Separateness of Hardness and Whiteness" and opposed the later Mohist School's view of "Fullness of Hardness and Whiteness", but held the view both of "Separateness of Similarity and Difference" and "Unity of Similarity and Difference" on the problem of "Similarity and Difference". Therefore, within the School of Logicians there is no such opposition between the viewpoints of Hui Shi's "Unity" and Gongsun Long's "Separateness".