考据学人眼中的唯物史观史学——以童书业为中心的考察

唯物史观派和史料派是20世纪中国史学的两大派别。两派虽呈对峙之局,正面交锋却不多见。来自史料派大本营的童书业曾与史观派中的王宜昌、李季和翦伯赞展开辩论,公开对其进行学术评估。他并不否认唯物史观史学本身的价值,但反对部分唯物史观者的唯心的古史观及其对考据派的谩骂式批评。他指明史观派所用的是类推的方法,以史观学说为依据,以比附推断为步骤,而以求合为目的。他还认为唯物史观不是科学,而是一种时代思潮和宗教哲学。童书业心目中的唯物史观者,与1949年之后的正统认识大相径庭,其范围要宽广得多。抗战后唯物史观派的上升也具有一定的学理依据,不只是政治变动的结果。

Historical Materialist History from the Perspective of Textual Criticism:A Case Study of Tong Shu-ye

In the 20th century, there were two schools of thought in the circle of historical study, historical materialism and the textual criticism, which were opposed to each other but which direct confrontation was rarely seen. Tong Shu-ye, a representative of the school of textual criticism, once debated with Wang Yichang, Li Zhi and Jian Bozan, representatives of the school of historical materialism, and the former even publicly evaluated the latter academic achievements. Though Tong did not deny the value of materialist history proper, he argued against the idealist view ancient Chinese history held by some historical materialists and their almost personal attack-like criticism against textual criticism. He pointed out that historical materialists, on the basis of the materialist historical theories, used analogy in their study in order to come to a conclusion consistent with theories. He further pointed that historical materialism is not a science, but instead it is a school of thought and religious philosophy. Tong Shuye's idea of historical materialism is quite different from the orthodox understanding after 1949, it scope being much broader. The rise of historical materialism after the anti-Japanese War has certain scientific basis, and it not only the result of political change.