论清初文学思想的异趋与同归(上)

清承明基,虽也有"扬州十日"、"嘉定三屠"之杀戮,但多数地方还是"望风而降",故江南大部分地区的社会经济、文化生活没有受到太大的破坏。因而较快地恢复了文学的生气,同时也就较多地承继了晚明文坛故习与晚明文学思想的旧趋。然而,异族入主毕竞带来了巨大的震荡,这又使清初的文坛气象大异于晚明。"天崩地解"(黄宗羲语)的大事变,在汉族士人的心理刻下了深深的伤痕,映射到文学思想中,就形成了"孤愤兴寄"的写作趋向。这一趋向广被于文坛,坚贞的遗民与面见颜的贰臣,顽强的抗清战士与灰心灭志的隐逸,其作品、言论中都有程度不同的表现。这个时期的"孤愤兴寄"写作的一个突出特点是对家国不幸的强烈关注。可以说,众多的遗民诗人都是自觉地把"家忧国恨"作为吟唱的主旨。从而产生了一批题材、风格相近的作品。作为一个历史阶段的文学主潮,"孤愤兴寄"既表现为众多作家创作倾向与评价向度的一致或接近,又表现为内涵的丰富而有特色。如在美学趣味上,便存在着慷慨英雄气象与感伤衰飒气象截然相反的追求;在创作手法上,也存在着写实与兴寄共用的情况。

On the Diversity and Similarity of Literary Thoughts in the Early Qing Dynasty

Although Qing Dynasty had suffered serious disasters, its society experienced less destructions with the maintainable situation in economy and culture in southerm China. However, the society after all was shocked by the regime change,which made the climate of Qing Dynasty differ from that of Late Ming. The significant regime change by a different race gave the Han Nationality severe psychological trauma. As a reflection the literary trend of individual expression with subtle aviodance appeared during this time. This tendency spread out all over the literary area with different expression in their literary works. One of the features of the method of individual expression with subtle avoidance is to focus on the unhappiness of the state and family. As a result a number of the literary works with the same subjects appeared in this time. The authors had followed the same theme with different styles and abundant connotation. As an example, both vehement and sentimental aesthetical styles were pursued by the authors during this period.