探索解决休谟问题的实践方式——读孙伟平《事实与价值》

英国哲学家大卫·休谟在《人性论》中指出 :以往的道德学体系总是先按“是”的规则进行推理 ,但却突然地、不知不觉地过渡到用“应当”提出规范。从“是”过渡到“应当”的根据是什么 ?人们却没有给出相应的证明。[1] 在休谟看来 ,这种从以“是”为系动词的事实命题向以“应当”为系动词的伦理 (价值 )命题之跳跃是缺乏逻辑根据的。这就是所谓休谟问题[2 ] 。休谟问题震动了哲学界。此后 ,西方许多哲学家讨论过这个问题 ,并试图解决这个问题。一时 ,“是”与“应当”、事实与价值、描述与规范、认识与评价、事实判断与价值

The Characteristics of the Emissaries in the Five Dynasties

During the five Dynasties,the emissary developed some new characteristics:Shumishi and Sansishi had been the key officials in political and economical parts,the emissary were mostly taken charged by the warriors;and had an official rank;some emissaries that had disappeared regained.Song Dynasty was influen ced by them.