试探清代西藏“摄政”一职的称谓与特点

清朝崛起,入主中原,日趋牢固,边防愈加巩固,清王朝中央对西藏地方的治理不断加强,尤其是在涉及国家主权的地区建置.西藏地方行政体制在几经更迭后形成以达赖喇嘛为中心的政教合一的政治体制.但这种制度无法回避新立达赖喇嘛由转世到其亲政之前事实上的权力真空的问题.进入18世纪后半期,摄政制度应运而生.直至20世纪前半期,历任摄政共15人.摄政掌政远远超过达赖世系实际掌政时间.摄政作为当时代掌西藏地方最高权威一职,在西藏地方史以及与中央政府关系史上产生了重大影响和作用.本文根据各类相关文献,对清代西藏地方摄政一职的产生、称谓以及特点等方面进行了挖掘、梳理、探究.

Tibetan Regents in Qing Dynasty:Appellation and Features

The reign of Qing Imperial Court over Tibet was consolidated increasingly along with the rise of Qing Dynasty,especially with regards to the regional division associated with national sovereignty.After the reshuffles of Tibetan local government,the political system unified with Tibetan Buddhism headed by the leadership of Dalai Lama appeared in Tibet.However,this system could not fill the power vacuum between Dalai Lama’s reincarnation and his beginning of the reign afterwards.Due to this reason,the system of regent was established in the later half of 18th century.In total 15 regents had come to power by the first half of 20th century,and the time of their governess even far surpassed that of Dalai Lama.As the highest post in Tibetan local government,regent once exerted a strong influence on the history of Tibet and the relationship between Tibet and the Imperial Central Government.Based on some relevant historical records,this paper studies the appearance,appellation and features of Tibetan regents in Qing Dynasty.