制度的实施收益、实施成本和维持成本

制度的实施收益指它在实施中给个人带来的各种利益和效用,制度的实施成本指它在实施中给个人造成的各种损失或负效用.制度的维持成本则指实施该制度所引致的各种费用,包括纯粹的维持成本和防止成本.决定制度的实施收益、实施成本的主要因素为客观境况集合,价值观念和知识素质.制度的实施收益、实施成本在短期和长期中是不同的,其原因有适应过程,"花室"效应和一些因素的积累变化等等.维持成本的决定因素在于,制度本身的性质是否具有帕累托性质,是正式的还是非正式的;以及与其他制度的关系是互相匹配的还是不匹配的,以及制度的受益面和受损面之间的关系等.

Institutional Gains and Costs

Institutional operational gains and costs are the gains and costs of the individual during the operation of the institution. The keep-up costs of the institution are costs incurred by maintaining its operation, including both pure keep-up costs and preventive costs. The major factors determining institutional gains and costs, which vary both in the short run and in the long run, range from the operational situations, sense of value and knowledge structure of the institution.