Race,deprivation, and immigrant isolation: The spatial demography of air-toxic clusters in the continental United States |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;2. Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;3. Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
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Abstract: | This article contributes to environmental inequality outcomes research on the spatial and demographic factors associated with cumulative air-toxic health risks at multiple geographic scales across the United States. It employs a rigorous spatial cluster analysis of census tract-level 2005 estimated lifetime cancer risk (LCR) of ambient air-toxic emissions from stationary (e.g., facility) and mobile (e.g., vehicular) sources to locate spatial clusters of air-toxic LCR risk in the continental United States. It then tests intersectional environmental inequality hypotheses on the predictors of tract presence in air-toxic LCR clusters with tract-level principal component factor measures of economic deprivation by race and immigrant status. Logistic regression analyses show that net of controls, isolated Latino immigrant-economic deprivation is the strongest positive demographic predictor of tract presence in air-toxic LCR clusters, followed by black-economic deprivation and isolated Asian/Pacific Islander immigrant-economic deprivation. Findings suggest scholarly and practical implications for future research, advocacy, and policy. |
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Keywords: | Environmental inequality Intersectionality Spatial demography Edge effects Hot spots U S EPA National Air Toxics Assessment |
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