日本大米支持政策的演变路径和特点研究

日本在二战后的不同历史阶段,根据农业农村内在矛盾和外部社会经济环境变化,积极调整大米支持政策,对于解决大米供需矛盾和增加农民收入发挥了积极作用。本文通过文献整理和实地调研相结合的方法,对日本大米支持政策的演变路径和特点进行了详细分析,认为:以核心政策变化为依据可以将日本大米支持政策划分为:《粮食管理法》时期、《主要粮食供需及价格稳定法》时期和安倍政权时期三个阶段。目前,日本大米支持政策改革将培育农业经营主体作为目标,运用市场机制和直接支付补贴制度推动从消费者负担型向纳税者负担型转变,促进饲料大米、小麦等作物增产。虽然直接支付补贴制度符合经济发展规律且透明度更高,但其绩效仍需提升。另外,培养何种农业经营主体更加符合政策改革理念也有待研究。最后指出,东亚小农国家的土地利用型农业需要政策保护和国民理解才有可能实现可持续发展,而且培育新型农业经营主体是中日两国面临的共同问题。

The Study on the Evolution Path and Characteristics of Rice Support Policy in Japan

After the war,Japan actively adjusted the rice support policy in different historical stages,according to the internal contradictions and the external social and economic environment changes in agricultural rural area,which played an active role in solving the contradiction between rice supply and demand and increasing farmers'income.This paper uses a combination of literature collation and field investigation methods,which analyzed in details of the evolution path and characteristics of Japanese rice support policy,and it is deemed that based on the core policy changes the Japanese rice support policy can be divided into period of"Food Administration Act","Main Food Supply and Demand and Price Stabilization Act",and Abe Regime.At the present,the reform on Japan's rice support policy is aimed to nurture the agricultural business entities,to promote the transformation from consumer burden type to taxpayer burden type by using market mechanism and direct payment system,and to boost the yield of feed rice,wheat and other crops.Although direct payment subsidy system may match the rule of economic development and more transparent,but the performance appraisal still needs to improve.In other hand,what kind of business entities is more in line with concept of policy reform also to be studied.It is pointed out that the land-use agriculture in small-scale farmers’countries in East Asia needs is able to develop sustainably by policy protection and national understanding,and cultivating new agricultural management subjects is a common problems faced by both Japan and China.