“通漕”与“变漕”——明清漕运法规变革研究

明清时期漕运关涉国家命脉，为保障漕运而制定的各项漕运法规也因此较为严格。明清易帜，漕运之制虽大多被相沿承袭，但有关法规如选补官丁、回空限例、运漕脚价、沿途攒运、船帮额数、扣追欠款等却发生了部分变化，总体呈现愈加细密、严厉的特点。这些应时之变，既是明清社会政治变革、经济发展的必然结果，也反映了立法与执法之间的矛盾。

"The Beginning of Canal Transport" and "Its Change ":A Study on the Changes fo Canal Transport Laws

As canal transport involved the life line of the whole country during the period of the Ming and the Qing dynasty, the various laws and regulations laid down to guarantee its smooth running are comparatively strict and rigid. Most of these laws and regulations were carried on as before after the transition from the Ming to the Qing dynasty, though, those concerning the appointment of officers, the limitation of empty return, the transport charges, the gathering of goods on the way, the specified number of t...