两汉"禁民二业"政策的历史考察

“禁民二业”思想是在中国奴隶制时期四民分业思想的基础上形成的 ,后来成为历代封建王朝中一项重要的统治政策。两汉时期“禁民二业”政策与重农、抑商和抑兼并问题密切相关 ,但在不同的历史时期 ,其侧重点各不相同。大体而言 ,西汉前期“禁民二业”政策主要是为了实现重农和抑商 ,西汉中期以后则以抑兼并为主要目的 ,东汉时期“禁民二业”政策的出发点是为了抑制豪强地主势力的发展。由于历史背景之不同及其政策目的之差异 ,这一政策所发挥的现实作用也因时而异。

The History of Prohibition of Holding Two Posts Concurrently in the Han Dynasty

Prohibition of holding two posts concurrently was derived from the idea that all the people did their own business respectively, and it developed into a policy in the Chinese feudal society. The prohibition of holding two posts concurrently was related to the policy of valuing agriculture above commerce and restraining annexation of land. What this policy concerned most often changed according to the situation. Generally speaking, the governors put emphasis on valuing agriculture above commerce in the early West-Han Dynasty and on restraining annexation of land in the late West-Han Dynasty. The aim of the government was to prevent the powerful and wealthy landlords from overly developing in the East-Han Dynasty. Because the situations and the aims often changed, the effect of the policy was not always the same.