通过保障对质询问权实现庭审实质化——欧美对质询问权判例的考察及启示

坚持以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革是中国当前刑事司法改革的方向，庭审实质化是坚持以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革的必要组成部分。《刑事诉讼法》对关键证人出庭作证制度做出了相应的规定，但是对被告人对质询问权保障的规定还需要进一步的细化。《欧洲人权公约》第6条第3款（d）项和美国宪法第6修正案都规定了对被告人对质询问权的保障，并且在这两个地区都产生了具有指导意义的判例。欧洲人权法院对质询问权的保障经历了从“唯一、决定性规则”向“三步检验规则”的转变，美国对质询问权的保障也经历了从“可靠性标准”向“证言性陈述标准”的转变，对被告人的对质询问权起到了重要的保障作用。中国对质询问权的保障应当在现有关键证人作证制度的基础上进行细化规定，坚持证人出庭作证为原则、不出庭作证为例外，并明确规定例外情形和救济措施，从时间和空间上实现对对质询问权的保障。

Realizing the Substantive Effect of the Court Trial by Guaranteeing the Right of Inquiry—The Investigation and Revelation of the Case of the European and American Right of Inquiry

The reform of the litigation system which centers on trial is the direction of criminal justice reform in China,and the essential component of the reform of litigation system is to regard trial as the center. The "Criminal Procedure Law" has made corresponding provisions on the system of testifying on key witnesses,but the provisions on defendants'' right of inquiry have to be further elaborated. Clause 3 of Article 6(d)European Convention on Human Rights and the sixth amendment of United State Constitution are set to protect the defendant''s right of inquiry,and both of them do have the precedent of guiding significance. The European Court of Human Rights has experienced a change from "the only and decisive rule" to the "three-step test rule";the guarantee of America''s right to inquiry also has undergone the transition from "reliability standard" to "testimony standard",which plays an important role in safeguarding the defendant''s right. The guarantee of China''s right of inquiry should be specified on the basis of the existing key witness system. The principle of the witness is required to testify in court,with an exception of testifying out of court,should be upheld, and exceptions and relief measures should be clearly stipulated to protect the right of inquiry from time and space.