论视觉人类学的三种观看模式

视觉人类学在其形成发展过程中出现过三种主导性观看模式：第一种是以进化学派为代表的“殖民凝视”模式，它侧重观察，强调“客观”性，但这种观看模式在赋予人类学家至上观看权威的同时，又将作为观察客体的“他者”视同物般的存在，无视观察对象的主体性及差异性；第二种是以功能结构学派马林诺夫斯基为代表的“参与观察法”，它强调“反身”性，重视人类学家与土著居民之间的互动，但如何调和集“参与者”与“观察者”为一身的人类学家自身所固有的矛盾是个难题；第三种是在全球数字化时代兴起的“虚拟”和“共享”的观看模式，它在强调参与和观看的民主性的同时，又导致了人类学家观看主体权威的消解。因此，在不同的观看情境中综合运用不同的观看模式，能有效地缝合观看者与被观看者之间的裂隙。

On Three Viewing Mode of Visual Anthropology

Visual anthropology has appeared three dominant view modes in the process of its formation and development. The first is the “Colonial Gaze”represented by the Evolutionary school.It focuses on the observation,emphasizing the“Objective”.But this View Mode takes the observation object “Other”as the Materal Existence,and ignores the difference and subjectivity of the object of observation,while giving anthropologists the supreme authority of viewing.The second is the Participant Observation Method,represented by Malinowski and his School of Functionalism.It emphasizes “Reflexive”,and thinks highly of the interaction between anthropologists and indigenous people.But,as “Participants”and “Observer”,the anthropologist confronts a problem of how to reconcile his inherent contradictions.The last one is the Viewing Mode that rises in the globle digital era,represented by “Virtual”and “Share”.While emphasizing the democracy of participation and viewing, it leads to the digestion of the authotity of the anthropologist as the subject of observation.Therefore,by using correct Viewing Mode in different viewing situations,it can effectively suture the fracture between viewer and the object of observation.