俄国农民外出打工与城市化进程

城市化的实质是农业人口向城市集中的过程。俄国城市化水平取决于农民迁移的方向和规模,农民外出打工和转入城市等级问题是理解俄国城市化的关键所在。俄国农民向城市迁移的进程缓慢的原因很多:以牺牲经济发展为代价的身份证制度严格限制了所有人的迁移,尤其限制了农民的迁移;村社制度通过连环保义务有力地约束了农民的出行,农民必须服从村社的监督;农民在经济上和血缘上与农村保持着天然的联系,一般将外出打工视为权宜之计;外出打工既冲击了村社的宗法制度,又有强化农民经济、延缓农民分化的作用。

Peasants' Going out for Work and the Course of Urbanism in Russia

Essential of urbanism is a course that agriculture population centralizes to city.Level of Russia urbanism was determined by directions and dimensions of peasants move,especially peasants' going out for work and switching to ranks of citizen.The tendency of peasants moving to cities wasn't violent.It had many reasons.System of identity card that hurt economy development limited anybody move strictly,especially peasants.Inter-guarantee institution of village community as a obligation restricted peasants' move effectively,and peasants conformed to village community's supervision.Peasants retained a natural relation of economy and consanguinity.So they regarded going out for work as makeshift.Peasants going out for work not only impacted village community's patriarchal clan system,but also strengthened peasant economy that blocked peasants' polarization.