城市生活垃圾全过程管理中的环境正义问题

生活垃圾快速增长是我国城市发展过程中面临的重要问题与挑战,垃圾填埋场等末端处置设施从选址建设直至运营封场,一直伴随着有关邻避现象和环境正义的争论。近年来,各地大力推进的生活垃圾分类实践进一步将生活垃圾相关议题从末端设施影响拓展至居民源头分类,各环节不同利益相关群体的权利和义务界定成为学界和社会各方关注的焦点。在此背景下,本文辨析了环境正义的内涵,剖析环境权利和环境义务在垃圾管理各环节和各责任主体间的相互联系,基于"权利-义务"相统一视角探讨生活垃圾管理的全过程,对其中各环节及关键因素进行识别,提出了城市生活垃圾全过程管理中的环境正义。研究发现,城市生活垃圾管理过程中的环境正义影响因素由多维度确定,各因素对环境正义的影响作用由环节、相关方、空间尺度等定义;相关环境正义概念应由传统邻避设施引发的环境风险分配延伸至源头分类、次级分拣和末端处置等垃圾管理的全过程;由关注政府和社会公众间的权责争议拓展至居民、物业、居委会和政府间环境义务配置及环境权利让渡的综合调控。研究以环境正义概念为基础构建的垃圾管理全过程视角,可为剖析环境权利、环境义务与垃圾管理各环节中不同责任主体间的相互联系提供参考。

Environmental Justice in Whole-Process Management of Domestic Waste

The rapid growth of domestic waste is a severe problem and a challenge during the process of urbanization in China.The NIMBY(Not In My Backyard)phenomenon and environmental justice debate have always accompanied the construction of landfills and other terminal disposal facilities from site selection to operation and closure.In recent years,the domestic waste classification vigorously promoted by multiple regions has further expanded the issues related to domestic waste from the impact of terminal facilities to the waste classification of residents.The definition of rights and obligations of different stakeholders in each link of waste management has become the focus of academia and public.Under this background,after discussing the connotation of environmental justice,this paper analyzes the correlation between environmental rights and obligations and subjects of responsibility in each link of waste management.Based on the principle that rights and obligations always go together,this paper studies the links of the process of waste management,the key factors in each link,the partitioning of links and the issue of environmental justice over the whole process of waste management.It is found that the influencing factors of environmental justice in domestic waste management are determined by multiple dimensions,and the influences of each factor on environmental justice are defined by the link,the stakeholders,the spatial scale,etc.The relevant environmental justice should be extended from the allocation of environmental risks caused by traditional NIMBY facilities to the whole process of waste management such as initial classification,secondary sorting and terminal disposal,and from the concern about the rights and responsibilities disputes among governments and the public to the comprehensive regulation of the allocation of environmental obligations and the transfer of environmental rights among residents,property management sections,neighborhood committees and governments.Based on the concept of environmental justice,the study constructs a whole-process perspective of waste management,which can provide references for analyzing the relationship between environmental rights and obligations and subjects of responsibility in each link of waste management.