新能源汽车闭环供应链的多级契约决策优化

随着环境问题的日益严峻,传统汽车工业面临巨大压力。虽然新能源汽车的绿色低碳为解决大气、水土污染提供了途径,但动力电池若回收不利也将对生态环境造成负面影响。文章着眼于构建新能源汽车销售及动力电池回收的多级供应链网络,在不同回收模式下对电池生产企业主导的闭环供应链进行契约协调。然后,针对动力电池回收体系不完善的社会问题,为政府找到促使销售和回收平衡的最优条件。研究发现:(1)当回收再制造利润空间满足一定条件,电池生产商倾向选择多回收渠道的模式,并且渠道竞争的加剧,对消费者和上游企业都有利;(2)当电池生产商同时参与正向销售、逆向回收上的收益共享时,"联合"共享契约可以实现供应链的协调、有效提高各企业利润;(3)电池的制造、再制造成本对回收价格和企业利润有很大影响,当技术革新、成本下降时,无论是企业还是消费者都可以获得更多的利润,进一步对单、双渠道回收模式进行选择,找出不同成本范围内的最优回收模式;(4)为了提高废旧电池回收率,政府通过征收环境保护税可以有效促进废旧电池的回收,并且最优税额随电池制造成本的增长而降低,随再制造成本的增长而增加。

Decision-making and coordination optimized for multi-stage closed-loop supply chain of new energy vehicle

With the emergence of increasingly serious environmental problems,the traditional automotive industry faces enormous challenges.According to research institutes,with the overall increase in demand for new energy-efficient vehicles,by the year 2018,"lithium",the main chemical power source for batteries,will be in short supply.Although the pollution-free nature of energy-efficient vehicles provides a way to reduce problematic automobile exhaust,the poor recovery rate of batteries will definitely have a negative impact on the ecological environment.Experts predict that by 2020,only some of the pure electric and hybrid vehicles in China will have a battery scrap of 120,000 to 170,000 tons.Faced with such a huge amount of scrap,if effective recycling is not achieved,the impact on the environment will be extremely detrimental.Therefore,current research should focus on the recycling of used batteries,the design of an effective recycling system,and the formulation of a clear recycling policy in order create significant social impact.In contrast to the conventional supply chain network of new energy-efficient vehicle sales and battery recycling,the supply chain designed in this paper distributes batteries and energy-efficient vehicles simultaneously in the forward channel,while only recycling batteries through the reverse channel.In response to this recycling model,the paper constructs a three-stage supply chain network for new energy-efficient vehicle sales and battery recycling.Using Stackelberg game theory and the solution of a Nash equilibrium,a closed-loop supply chain dominated by battery manufacturers is established.Optimal pricing in decentralized decision-making and centralized decision-making is analyzed under different recycling modes.Then,two revenue-sharing contracts are designed to coordinate and optimize the supply chain.Finally,in light of the imperfections of the battery recycling system,means of regulation and management have been introduced by the government,and optimal conditions are found for achieving a balance between automobile sales and battery recovery.First,the article summarizes the supply chain system of new energy-efficient vehicle sales and battery recycling as a three-stage closed-loop supply chain–consisting of power battery manufacturers,vehicle manufacturers,and retailers–in both single-channel recycling and dual-channel recycling.Following an analysis of the decisions made by all parties,an optimal pricing strategy for the members of the supply chain was determined under conditions of both decentralized and centralized decision-making in the process of automobile sales and battery recycling,and the optimal channel selected.Next,in light of the problem that the three-level supply chain system cannot be effectively coordinated in situations of decentralized decision-making,the article designs two revenue-sharing contract coordination mechanisms,and evaluates whether they can be used to achieve necessary and sufficient conditions for supply chain coordination via single-channel or dual-channel recycling Finally,in light of the environmental hazards resulting from poor recovery of batteries,and of the impact of the government's levy of additional taxes and other related policies,the general conditions for realizing the complete recycling of used batteries in the market are discussed.In general,the article focuses on building a multi-stage supply chain network for new energy-efficient vehicle sales and battery recycling,and studies the optimal pricing strategy and design of contract-based coordination in the closed-loop supply chain,dominated by battery manufacturers,under different modes of recycling.Furthermore,regarding the social implications of the imperfections of the battery recycling system,the government has helped to identify the optimal conditions for promoting the balance of automobile sales and battery recycling.The research found that:(1)When the profit margin of battery recycling and re-manufacturing meets certain levels,the reverse channel will not affect pricing decisions related to positive sales.Battery manufacturers are more inclined to use dual-channel recycling,and the competition for channels is intensified;(2)When the battery manufacturer participates in revenue-sharing in the forward-sales and reverse-recycling channels,the“joint”sharing contract can realize the coordination of the supply chain and effectively improve the profits of each enterprise.The cost of manufacturing and re-manufacturing batteries has a great impact on the recoverable value and corporate profits.(3)When technological innovation costs decline,both enterprises and consumers can enjoy greater profits,and further implement single-channel and dual-channel recycling to identify the optimal supply chain model in different cost ranges;(4)In order to improve the recycling rate of used batteries,the government can effectively promote the recycling of used batteries by collecting environmental protection taxes,with the optimal tax amount determined by the cost of manufacturing batteries.The growth in battery re-manufacturing continues to decline as the cost of re-manufacturing increases.