从经学复兴到乾嘉考据学派的形成

考据学的产生、发展源远流长,其间形成了训诂之学与义理之学两种风格迥异的注释传统。这种学术史氛围,为乾嘉考据学的形成提供了坚实的历史基础。从清初的经学复兴到乾嘉时期考据学派主盟学坛,清前期的学术发展经历了三个阶段,即从顺治朝到康熙前期的经学复兴期、从康熙中后期到乾隆初年的经学沉潜发展期、从乾隆初年到四库馆设立时的考据学派正式主盟学坛期。乾嘉考据学派形成的原因历来有"文字狱高压说"、"康乾盛世说"、"内在理路说"等三种有代表性的学说,但三说各失偏颇。从社会环境和学术自身的演进规律综而论之,乾嘉考据学形成的原因主要有如下几大因素:自明朝后期出现的"以经学济理学之穷"的学术演进趋势使经学在理学的外壳下发展起来;明清之际兴起的经世学风致力于从经典文本中寻找到圣人的济世良方,但演变到后来,却逐渐失去了经世的内涵,对经典的研究本身成为目的;朝廷大力表彰的"理学"在心性思辨领域已经缺少可拓展的空间,因而理学在"尊德性"之外的另一面,即"道问学"在方法论上的指导意义就凸显出来。

From the Revival of Original Confucianism to the Formation of Text Critics

The article thinks that there were three stages during the course of the formation of the text critical in Qian-Jia period.Firstly,deny neo-confucianism and advocate original confucianism during the time from Shun-zhi dynasty to the early dy-nasty of Kang-xi.Secondly,original confucianism slowly developed from the late dynasty of Kang-xi to the early dynasty of Qian-long.Thirdly,text critical in Qian-Jia period ultimately came into being during the time from the early dynasty of Qian-long to the establishion of Si-ku centre.The reason of the formation of the text critical in Qian-Jia period mainly to have the following several big factors:to save the poverty of Neo-Confucianism,the academic developed under the outer covering Neo-Confucianism;When Qing Dynasties emerges,the schoolers devoted in seeks from the classical text to the sage provided relief the effective prescrip-tion,but gradually the goal that save the Society lost and the classics research itself became the goal;the government com-mended Neo-Confucianism,but it already lacked in the peculation,thus Neo-Confucianism,in reveres the morality moral charac-ter the beside other aspect,namel"ythe road asked that study"highlights in the methodology guiding sense.