晚清督抚衙门房科结构管窥

晚清是我国古代至近代政治制度发展的重要转型期。房科作为清代职官体系外的非正式机构,事实上成为各直省督抚衙门内部行政职能运作的基本载体。随社会变动与政治格局变化,晚清督抚衙署房科结构日趋复杂。其新旧杂揉的特征,与文案处及文案委员的出现相辅相成,既反映出近代行政职能扩展和业务细分化的趋势,奠定了1907年外官改制的重要基础,同时亦表明变化中的旧式督抚衙门已渐具近代省级政府的雏形,成为从传统幕府转向近代职官制的重要过渡。

A Study of the Structure of "Fangke" in Governor-General Yamun in the Late Qing Dynasty

The late Qing was an important transforming period in the development of political system in China from the ancient to the modern."Fangke",as an informal institution independent of the bureaucracy of the Qing period,had actually become the basic carrier of interior administrative function of each Governor-General Yamun(Du-fu Yamen) in each province.With the changes of society and political situation,the structure of "Fangke" in each Governor-General Yamun became more and more complex.The characteristics combined the old and the new and parallelled with the emergence of Secretarial Office (Wen'an Chu) and its committees,which were supplemented to each other.This phenomenon reflected the trend of expansion in administrative function and fractionization of the political operation."Fangke" established the crucial base of transformation of province officials in 1907.At the same time,it indicated that the old Governor-General Yamun gradually possessed the preliminary frame of modern provincial government,and became an important transition of traditional "shogunate" system to modern professional bureaucracy.