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Variance Estimation and Asymptotic Confidence Bands for the Mean Estimator of Sampled Functional Data with High Entropy Unequal Probability Sampling Designs
Authors:Hervé Cardot  Camelia Goga  Pauline Lardin
Institution:1. Institut de Mathématiques de Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne;2. EDF, R&D, ICAME‐SOAD
Abstract:For fixed size sampling designs with high entropy, it is well known that the variance of the Horvitz–Thompson estimator can be approximated by the Hájek formula. The interest of this asymptotic variance approximation is that it only involves the first order inclusion probabilities of the statistical units. We extend this variance formula when the variable under study is functional, and we prove, under general conditions on the regularity of the individual trajectories and the sampling design, that we can get a uniformly convergent estimator of the variance function of the Horvitz–Thompson estimator of the mean function. Rates of convergence to the true variance function are given for the rejective sampling. We deduce, under conditions on the entropy of the sampling design, that it is possible to build confidence bands whose coverage is asymptotically the desired one via simulation of Gaussian processes with variance function given by the Hájek formula. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed variance estimator is evaluated on samples of electricity consumption data measured every half an hour over a period of 1 week.
Keywords:covariance function  finite population  first order inclusion probabilities    jek approximation  Horvitz–  Thompson estimator  Kullback–  Leibler divergence  rejective sampling  unequal probability sampling without replacement
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