反思与重构:中国近代学科转型背景下的“人文学”

在西学东渐过程中,中国近代学术思想逐渐完成了从"文学的"到"科学的"的转变。科学以其"分科之学"的名义,给中国带来了现代的知识分类体系——前此本为经学之附庸的各类学科,逐渐变为独立学科。然而,在此过程中,人文学科为了反抗经学的压制,明显表现出社会科学化的取向,由此也导致中国学术研究人文传统的失落。时至今日,无论是学科的自我追求还是学科的评价机制,都已将人文学科推到"两头不靠岸"的尴尬境地——既无法达到自然学科、社会学科的严谨精密,又丧失了人文学科自我的主体性。面对人文学科边缘化、人文研究失去学科自信的现实境况,人文学者应该而且可以凭借自己的研究和思想创造力,为社会提供新的思想、理念和价值理想,以重建文化,重建价值理想。文学研究尽管可以用史学考证来丰富其研究方法,但也要恢复精神体验的诗学传统;史学不但要以史料学来夯实研究的基础,也要致力于把握中国社会过去的脉络、当前的性质和未来的走向;哲学不但要经受现代科学和逻辑的洗礼,也要致力于对时代精神框架的批判和建构。只有认识到人文学与社会科学有着不同的学科价值取向,肯定人文学"体验之知"的学科致思方式,以及它在特定空间范围内探讨人类本质和价值信仰的特质,才能确立人文学的独立性与主体性,才能站立于"学林群雄"中不为其他强势学科吞并,并形成"自是一家"的学术领域。

Reflection and Reconstruction:Humanities under the Background of Modern Chinese Discipline Transformation

During the process of Western culture communication to China,academic thoughts in modern China gradually completed the change from the "literary" to the "scientific".In the name of classification of disciplines,science takes modern knowledge-category system to China:Act as the appendages of Confucian classics,the various disciplines gradually become independent after science arrives.However,in order to resist the suppression of Confucian classics,social-science disciplines obviously exhibit the tendancy of social-scientification.This also led to the lost of cultural tradition in Chinese academic research.Up to this day,whether the pursuit of excellence or the evaluation mechanisms have pushed humanities to the embarrassing situation-not only stay far from the preciseness of natural disciplines and social disciplines but also lose the subjectivity of humanities.Only realise the different value orientations between humanities and social science,affirm "knowledge of the experience"-the way of thinking in humanities and the quality of exploring human nature and value belief in certain space can we establish the independence and subjectivity of humanities,stand rock-firm in academic circles and create the unique academic area.