明代言官与党争——以封疆案为个案

在晚明纷繁复杂的政治变动中，党争激烈，门户角立。晚明党争往往由言官发起，并成为其中主导力量。在封疆案中，言官不顾国事，党同伐异，掣肘疆事，今熊廷弼一筹莫展，致使辽东战事失利，明军丧师失地，熊廷弼死于党争，东林诸君子受牵连诬害。言官卷入党争，无论动机好坏，均于国事无补，是导致明朝灭亡的要因之一，而阉党更负主要责任。

Supervisor and party-fighting in Ming dynasty:example for Fengjiang case

During the complicated political alteration in late Ming dynasty, many parties righted ardently. These party -righting were initiated by supervisors who became the dominant force. In Fengjiang case, what supervisors attended was not national affairs but factionalism. They handicapped military affairs which let Xiong Ting - bi can rind no way out. Then Ming dynasty was lost in Liaodong, Xiong Ting - bi was killed by party - fighting, and some man of honour in Donglin party were persecuted to death. Supervisors went against national affairs when they engulfed party - righting whether their motivation was good or not. Party -righting was an important reason due to Ming dynasty＇s perdition, and the party depended on eunuchs should take charge of it mainly.