居乡状态中的南宋理学士人——以朱熹为辐射中心的群体探讨

南宋一朝,在理学内因和社会政治两方面的作用下,理学士人居乡化态势日趋明显。朱熹是南宋杰出的理学大儒,也是南宋居乡士人的典型代表。他行道乡邑,积极参与地方事务,努力构建理学框架下的基层秩序。以朱熹为中心,其亲友弟子中逐渐形成了一个规模较大的居乡士人群体,在乡闾建设中发挥着重要的社会作用。对地方政府而言,他们是稳定地方、和谐乡里的优佳辅翼者;对基层民众而言,他们是下情上达、济贫恤困的有力护翼者。作为持道秉义、代表时代发展趋势的"第三种力量",他们不断扩大着自身对基层社会的影响力度,在乡闾间进行潜移默化的改造,将理学家的社会理想落到实处,不仅为理学在基层的深入拓宽了空间,同时也基本定型了居乡理学士人的行为模式和发展方向。

Neo-Confucians Living in Rural District in the Sourthern Song Dynasty——A Group Investigation Centering on Zhu Xi

Zhu Xi is a famous Neo-Confucian in the Southern Song Dynasty,and a excellent local gentleman as well as.He took part in local business and remoulded construction to the best of his ability.Under the influence of doctrine and politics,the followers of Zhu Xi living in rural district had increased continually and had great effect on local affairs.As "the third force",Neo-Confucians in the Southern Song Dynasty assumed more and more important responsibility for society.Zhu Xi and his followers not only stabilized local order to support government,but also gave relief aid to poor people.At the same time,They expanded living-space for the poor by establishing store-houses widely and therefore moderated acute conflict between officers and people in rural socitey efficiently.As the scholars faith in Dao,They imparted confucian doctrine to local gentlemen and educated pepople to abide by standard of neo-confucianism steadily.Although they were not provided with political rights,Zhu Xi and his followers made effort to strengthen the impact of Neo-Confucianism on various strata in society and orientate Neo-Confucianism to ensure the implementation of Dao in rural district.Most of all,They fixed the practical regulations of Dao to late-comers and projected Neo-Confucianism in the future basically.