The population geography of the free Negro in Ante-Bellum America

This paper deals with the overall aspects of the demography and geography of this small yet significant element in the American population before the Civil War. By means of maps and graphs, the history of the distribution of the free Negro in both the north and the south in the years 1790–1860 is traced and analysed. After the areal and demographic characteristics of this distinctive group have been determined (this includes a delineation of population regions), an effort is made to account for these phenomena, and especially for the rather peculiar migrational pattern, as well as the data permit. The almost complete lack of information on internal migration necessitates the study of sex ratio and age composition for indirect clues as to the volume and direction of movements. Some attempt is made to assess the quantitative influence of the Underground Railroad on Negro population patterns. The study of causes includes a consideration of environmental, legal, economic, social, historical, and transportational factors.