中晚唐制举对策与政局变化——以藩镇问题为中心

中晚唐正处在唐帝国由盛转衰的转折时期,朝政弊病丛生,内忧外患不断,藩镇问题尤为突出,德宗、宪宗、穆宗都试图通过修政、选贤举能、削藩、销兵等措施,重振帝业,从而出现了一个相对开明的社会风气,为举子在制举考试对策时敢于直言极谏提供了一个相对开明的大环境。中晚唐制举对策中有关藩镇问题的见解,近乎直言不讳,比较真实地反映了当时的历史,对研究中晚唐藩镇问题具有重要的史料价值。围绕着削藩问题,中晚唐制举策问多针对军队废弛、销兵和削藩、修政等时务进行策问,举子对策往往是苦诋时政,针砭时弊,直言极谏,客观上起到了宣扬皇帝新政的作用。制举对策提出有关精兵、销兵和削藩的策略,与当朝皇帝、宰相以及时政风气紧密相关,通过精兵、销兵和削藩等举措实现帝国的复兴,已经是所谓以"子大夫"为代表的士大夫阶层的共同理想。

Study of Measures in the Imperial Examination and Military Governors in Middle Tang Dynasty——Focus on the Military Governorship

In the middle Tang Dynasty,the empire experienced the transitional period from its prosperousness to declination.There were many problems from the central authorities to the grass roots,especially the power of the provincial military governor.The Emperor of Te-tsung,Hsien-tsung,Mu-tsung tried to recover the imperial power through institutional modification,declining the military governors’power,appointing worthy persons and so on.It made a relatively liberal social atmosphere,thus the examinees could advise frankly in the Imperial Examinations in this liberal circumstance.Surrounded by declining the military governors’power,the questions in the imperial examination in middle Tang Dynasty were usually about the troops’laxation,reducing the numbers of soldiers,declination of military governors’power and institutional modification.The examinees always discussed the current politics,analyzed the current malpractice and advised frankly in the examinations.Combined with the ancient codes and records,the author compares and investigates the countermeasures about the problems such as false declaration in the troops,reducing the numbers of soldiers,declining the military governors’power,which were advanced by the examinees in the examinations.The author analyses the background of these countermeasures,the feasibility of these plans and its social influences.He states that the tactics about the picking troops,declining the soldiers’number and military governors’power advanced in the examinations had close relationship with the emperors,the prime ministers and political atmosphere.It was the common idea of the scholar-bureaucrat class,whose representation was literati and officials,to resurge the empire’s power by these measures.