俄国农业改革的艰难推进与斯托雷平的农业现代化尝试

19世纪俄国社会的突出特征即村社—等级的封闭性使不同等级利益相左,使专制制度在实施对内政策过程中左右逢源,迟迟不能解决土地占有和土地利用问题。维特领导的财政部和普列维挂帅的内务部为制定农业纲领竞相争宠,二者围绕村社命运和解决农业危机的途径问题意见不一。1905年革命和农民运动迫使尼古拉二世接受维特解散村社的主张。斯托雷平广泛地吸收前人的建议,基本按照既定的方针进行农业改革,但因上层统治者的主观倾向性、放弃旧制度和实施改革的准备不充分以及社会对实施改革的思想准备不足而未果。

Arduous Promotion in Russia's Agricultural Reform and P.A.Stolypin's Experiment of Agricultural Modernization

The prominent character of Russian society in 19th century was the confrontation of the interests of different classes caused by the closeness of the classes in village society,which resulted in the autocratic system delaying in solving the land occupation and land employment problems because it had to compromise the different interests in its domestic policy implementation.Meanwhile,the Department of Finance lead by S.Witte and the Department of Interior lead by V.Plehve held different views in ways to solve the agricultural crisis and concerning the fate of village society.The revolution of 1905 and the peasants movement forced the emperor accepted the advocate by Witte to disband the village society.Stolypin broadly drew the opinions of his predecessors and carried on the reform following the existed principle,but his reform did not have result since the upper ruling class had not prepared to give up the old system and the society had not have the enough prepare to accept the reform.