陈师道“换骨”说发微

宋代诗论中有两种“换骨”说，即黄庭坚提出的“夺胎换骨”法和陈师道提出的“学诗如学仙。时至骨自换”的诗论主张。前者源于佛禅话语，是以禅喻诗的著名诗论；后者出白道教内丹学说，是以仙道论诗的典型诗论。陈师道“换骨”说与黄庭坚“夺胎换骨”法截然不同，而与黄庭坚“学诗如学道”有联系，是指学诗的艺术修养过程，通过勤奋、艰苦的研习，最终达到理想的审美境界。陈师道“换骨”说与内丹炼养有共通性，突出表现在勤奋苦修和养气静心两方面。“学诗如学仙”与“学诗如参禅”相辅相成，是宋代文学诗论中不可偏废的两翼。

A Treatise on CHEN Shi-dao' s "Changing-the-Bones" Theory

In Song Dynasty＇ s poetics, there were two ＂changing-the-bones＂ theories, namely, ＂to learn predecessors＇ poetics for innovation＂ --put forward by HUANG Ting-jian, and ＂to learn poetics is just like to practice theurgy, poetic techniques will upgrade by itself after exercising for enough time＂ --by CHEN Shi-dao. The former, a famous poetic theory originated from Buddhist utterance, which compared poems to Dhyana; while, the latter, coming out of inner alchemy theory of Taoism, was the representative poetic theory commenting on poems with Taoism. CHEN Shi-dao＇ s theory was quite different from that of HUANG Ting-jian＇ s, but tied with HUANG Ting-jian＇ s another theory --＂ to learn poetics is just like to practice Taoism＂, which explained that to learn poetics is an artistic process during which ideal aesthetic sense can ultimately be achieved by diligent and hard study. The similarities between CHEN Shi-dao＇ s ＂changing-the-bones＂ theory and inner alchemy were especially shown in diligent ascesis, as well as in energy cultivating and calm spirit maintaining. The theory ＂to learn poetics is just like to practice theurgy＂ and the theory ＂to learn poetics is just like to practicing Dhyana＂, complementing each other, and neither of the two aspects should be neglected in Song literary poetics.