开放式创新社区集体智慧涌现的生态演化分析——基于知识开放视角

开放式创新社区是企业实施开放式创新的重要载体，部分领先企业通过开放式创新社区集聚全球的创新者，凝聚集体智慧，攻克创新难题；然而很多企业却无法从中获得预期收益。融合知识管理、生态学理论，本文从知识开放视角深入探讨开放式创新社区集体智慧涌现的内在机理。运用Lotka-Volterra模型，分别探讨"用户主导"与"企业引导、用户主导"型社区中多主体知识交互的生态演化规律，并对演化过程予以数值模拟。研究发现：企业知识开放是开放式创新社区集体智慧涌现的关键影响因素；在不同的生态关系中，集体智慧涌现的水平会有所差异。

Ecological Evolution Analysis of the Emerging Collective Wisdomin Open Innovation Communities from the Perspective of Knowledge Openness

In the era of digital economy, some leading enterprises build the open innovation community (OIC) in order to tap collective wisdom from global innovators, which helps to overcome the innovation problems. However, Chinese enterprises set up the OIC later, most OICs fail to produce enough collective wisdom. Thus, for many enterprises, it is generally not easy to obtain expected benefits from OICs. Therefore, how to stimulate the emergence of collective wisdom in OICs in order to improve the enterprises innovation level is the important issue.Based on the theories of knowledge management and ecology, the evolutionary process of the collective wisdom is analyzed. The collective wisdom in OICs stems from multi-agent knowledge interaction. The participants of knowledge interaction mainly include enterprises and users, and users can be further divided into leading users and ordinary users. According to the differences of the participants in OIC, the OIC is classified into two kinds, one is the "user-led" community, and the other is the "user-led with enterprises guidance" community. When analyzing the mechanism of emergence of collective wisdom in OICs, several factors are taken into considerations, includingthe existing knowledge stock, maximum knowledge capacity, knowledge openness and knowledge absorption capacity of different participants. Then, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional Lotka-Volterra ecological evolution models are constructed respectively, and the stability of above models is analyzed. Three conclusions are drawn through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Firstly, in the "user-led" OIC, the emergence of collective wisdom mainly depends on the knowledge openness and knowledge absorption ability of both ordinary users and leading users. Because the enterprises have not opened the necessary knowledge to the OIC, the level of collective wisdom is tended to stay at a low-level stage. Secondly, in the "user-led with enterprises guidance" OIC, enterprises open their knowledge to users, and the level of collective wisdom is significantly improved compared to the "user-led" OIC. So a certain degree of knowledge openness is significant for OIC to stimulate the growth of collective wisdom. Thirdly, the level of collective wisdom will also be affected by the ecological relationship of users. When users are under the ecological relationship of reciprocal symbiosis, the effect of enterprises' knowledge openness will be improved, and the level of collective wisdom is higher. When users are under the ecological relationship of partial benefit symbiosis, the effect of enterprises' knowledge openness will be weakened, and the level of collective wisdom is lower.This research will enrich the theory of open innovation, and it is helpful for enterprises' managers to optimize knowledge management.