司法谦抑的理论与现实基础——以美国司法审查为视角

司法谦抑指的是在裁判案件的过程中,在司法自由裁量权的范围内,法院及法官对立法机关和行政机关的谦让与自我克制。司法谦抑是美国司法审查中许多法官所奉行的司法哲学之一,其形成的理论与现实基础主要有:第一,司法审查的"反多数难题"和民主渠道的优势;第二,分权原则的要求;第三,现代行政的专业性、技术性和程序正当性的不断增强,以及行政自由裁量权大量存在的必要性;第四,权力博弈中司法权相对弱小的现实格局。了解司法谦抑的形成,有利于促进我国法院自我理性定位和理性地推进行政诉讼制度之改革。

The Theoretical and Practical Foundations of Judicial Deference and Restraint——On the Basis of American Judicial Review

Judicial deference and restraint refers to the deference and self-restraint of the courts and judges to the legislatures and administrations within the scope of discretion.Judicial deference and restraint is a judicial philosophy that has been observed generally by many judges of the United States.Its birth is based on certain causes,first,the counter-majoritarian difficulty and the advantages of democracy;second,the demands separation of powers;third,the specialization,technical content and due process of modern administration and the necessity of wide administrative discretion;fourth,the unchanging reality of the courus' lack of financial autonomy and military power,and the ruthless game among government powers,and so on.